Fossil Fuel versus Solar Power Where the Line Meets the...

Fossil Fuel versus Solar Power: Where the Line Meets the Circle There are a number of benefits to building a house that utilizes direct solar energy as compared to current conventional designs, which are largely powered and heated by energy from fossil fuels. According to a number of estimates, it is actually cheaper in the long term to incorporate solar energy into building design. Solar energy is far cleaner than fossil fuel derived energy, and therefore is far less impacting on the health of humans and the environment. There are a number of innovative technologies that have been developed for nearly every application of solar energy, thus making its use comparably convenient to fossil fuel use, but with greater assurance of†¦show more content†¦With approximately ninety-nine percent of species that have existed on Earth already extinct, it is clear that individual species typically do not exist for an extended period on the geological time scale. (Gould, 2000) While it is immediately more expensive to incorporate solar design techniques in building a home, once a solar structure is in place it essentially pays for itself. After the initial cost of building and supply, all solar energy sequestered is free of charge, with the exception of periodic maintenance. This seems far more appealing than the ever present and increasing costs associated with fossil fuel dependency. One further cost especially deserving of mention is the environmental cost associated with fossil fuel use versus that of solar energy sequestration. Through widespread use of fossil fuels humans are responsible for the current global warming event. With the enormous output of carbon dioxide associated with fossil fuel consumption, it is no small wonder that there have been drastic environmental changes on the global scale. The sharp increase in carbon dioxide levels present in the atmosphere around the planet has caused significant disruption of planetary energy flows. This has led to melting of the polar ice caps, sea level rise, change in seasonal and weather patterns, and more. Another phenomenon associated with fossil fuel use,Show MoreRelatedThe Uk And Scottish Governments3456 Words   |  14 Pagescollides with the finite nature of fossil energy resources, now the main source of energy globally, and with the shortage of other resources needed to produce, transport or consume energy. This lack of resources is already leading to significant increases in prices, and more, at high price volatility, with corresponding negative effects on the global economy and in different countries, depending on their exposure or dependence energy (Meadowcroft, 2009). Moreover, fossil energy resources are also contributingRead MoreEmerging Issues in Marketing10554 Words   |  43 PagesIMPORTANCE OF GREEN MARKETING: Man has limited resources on the earth, with which she/he must attempt to provide for the worlds unlimited wants. There is extensive debate as to whether the earth is a resource at mans disposal.. In market societies where there is freedom of choice, it has generally been accepted that individuals and organizations have the right to attempt to have their wants satisfied. As firms face limited natural resources, they must develop new or alternative ways of satisfyingRead MoreStrategy Management18281 Words   |  74 Pagesincludes strategy material that has stood the test of time (such as, the resourcebased view and Porter’s five forces model) as well as up-to-date strategy material and current research (such as the dynamic capabilities perspective and the triple bottom line). The book also includes student-accessible coverage of strategic management research. It draws on articles published in the leading academic journals (for instance, Strategic Management Journal, Acad emy of Management Journal/Review, Organization ScienceRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesPrinted in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11 10 09 08 07 ExamView  ® and ExamView Pro  ® are registered trademarks of FSCreations, Inc. Windows is a registered trademark of the Microsoft Corporation used herein under license. Macintosh and Power Macintosh are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. Used herein under license. Library of Congress Control Number: 2006933904 Student Edition: ISBN-13: 978-0-495-11873-2 ISBN-10: 0-495-11873-7 ââ€"   To my nephews, Jesse and Luke SmidtRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pages Modern—20th century. 2. Twentieth century. 3. Social history—20th century. 4. World politics—20th century. I. Adas, Michael, 1943– II. American Historical Association. D421.E77 2010 909.82—dc22 2009052961 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992 Printed in the United States of America 2 4 6 8 9 7 5 3 1 C ONTENTS Introduction Michael Adas

Weather and Environment Impacts in Brazil Essay - 747 Words

Weather and Environment Impacts in Brazil Manaus is a remote town located in a rainforest, so obviously there is a large influence by the weather on the environment around Manaus. Yearly it receives about 84 inches of rainfallinches of rainfall leading to the first environmental impact of the weather: flooding. Manaus is located near the junction of two major rivers, the Rio Negro and the Rio Solimoes, which combine slightly to the east of Manaus to from the Amazon river. The land is relatively flat, and therefore serves as a flood basin for the rivers. The average yearly fall of the river may be around 33 feet (1). The flooding is a risk to humans in that it may threaten the city and homes, but there is also important ecological†¦show more content†¦The flooding in Amazonia may possibly increase in the coming decades if climate change predictions play out as forecasted. There is an expectation that severe weather events will become more common and more intense, something of particular concern to an area which is cl assified as rainforest (Lamb, Somerville, IPCC). Erosion may increase and more land areas used by humans may become inundated. There is the concern that the historical fixes such as the dam may overflow due to the increased detritus and rainfall combinations. A second area that was just mentioned was erosion. Soil is strongly affected by the weather and environment in the Amazon. Because the area receives so much rain it has a history of farming. The problem becomes that any nutrients provided by the rain are usually absorbed immediately by the trees where they remain tied up. Cutting the trees down to allow nutrient build-up in the soil has its own issues. Studies have found that removal of forest affects cloud cover (Durieux Et al. 2003). Convection currents may change resulting in seasons becoming more pronounced. The study noted that this was not theoretical – the changes were already underway in deforested areas (Durieux Et al. 2003). Forest are necessary to combat erosion, and with these more pronounced (and potentially more intense) weather events there is a chance that flood rates, erosion and other factors will be much more intense (Bruijnzeel, 2004). A finalShow MoreRelatedPlanting Date Tailored For Enso Based Climate Variability Risk Using Cropgro Soybean Model1056 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION Brazil has become the second-largest producer of soybean in the world after the United States. Projections to the year 2020 indicate the country’s soybean production will increase to 105 million tons, mainly due to Brazil’s large expanse of arable land with potential to be used for agriculture. This expansion of soybean production will occur mainly in the North and Northeast parts of the country (Viana et al., 2013). 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The Secret Circle The Divide Chapter 5 Free Essays

When Cassie arrived at Old Town Hall, the sun was shining down on the carnival as booths and tables were being set up for the evening’s festivities. She searched for her mom among the volunteers so she could help her put up the decorations they’d finally finished making late last night. Old Town Hall was one of the earliest municipal buildings in New Salem. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Circle: The Divide Chapter 5 or any similar topic only for you Order Now When it had been in use, it housed all the town’s federal offices. The surrounding area was designed to be an outdoor market, but these days it was mostly used as a public art space and, of course, to host yearly spring and fall festivals. â€Å"Hey, Cassie.† Laurel appeared carrying a tray of tulip bulbs that was nearly twice her size. She dropped it onto a nearby table and waved a few sweaty strands of hair away from her pixielike face. â€Å"Are you psyched for tonight’s festival?† â€Å"Sure,† Cassie said unconvincingly. â€Å"Well, you should be,† Laurel said. â€Å"The spring equinox is important to us as witches.† She looked to her left and then to her right to be sure nobody had heard her. And then, as Cassie expected, she launched into a history lesson. History and botany lessons were pretty much mandatory when talking to Laurel. You either loved her for it or you had the urge to tape her mouth shut, but for now Cassie humored her. humored her. â€Å"Like many traditions in New Salem, the origin of the spring festival has roots in paganism,† Laurel said. â€Å"This festival used to be called Ostara’s Festival, and it was a holiday to celebrate the Goddess waking from her winter slumber. It was a time when our ancestors honored the balance of all things, the physical with the spiritual. The old books said it was a time to plant seeds in the garden, as well as a time to plant the seeds of desired manifestation.† â€Å"But what does that mean?† Cassie asked. â€Å"It means it’s a time to start new projects and put new plans into action.† Laurel picked up her tray with a grunt and began to walk away. â€Å"It’s something to get excited about,† she said over her shoulder. Cassie let her eyes wander around the square. In every booth was a local merchant offering samples of food or drink, or the chance to bid on some item up for auction. Local bands were setting up their equipment on a ramshackle stage. The whole event had simply become a backdrop for the kickoff of the tourist season. But still, Cassie thought she should embrace it. It was a celebration of sorts, like Laurel said. Cassie found her mother on the far side of the square, stapling paper daffodils along a wooden baseboard. Across from her, Cassie saw Melanie and Constance setting up their jewelry booth. Melanie’s smooth cap of chestnut hair was pulled neatly back, while Constance’s gray mane feathered madly in the wind. They were quite a pair; Melanie was tall and beautiful and prepossessing, and Constance was shrunken and slumped over, bossily calling Constance was shrunken and slumped over, bossily calling out commands with her wrinkled pointer finger. But the love and compassion between them was palpable, and the jewelry they designed was a physical product of that love. Melanie had told Cassie that the local townspeople didn’t have a real understanding of crystals, but that didn’t matter. Their jewelry made for pretty conversation pieces, and Aunt Constance really appreciated the extra cash. Cassie waved to Melanie from afar and then spotted Diana. She was wearing all white, and the way the sun was striking her blonde hair, it appeared almost white, too. My God, Cassie thought, Diana is literally shimmering like an angel. And appropriately, she was helping with the charity raffle this year. In fact, she’d organized it. Sometimes Cassie wondered if there was anything Diana couldn’t do. Cassie gave her mom a signal to let her know she’d be right there and then headed over to the raffle table to say hello to Diana. She’d felt so distant from Diana lately, she thought stopping by would be a nice gesture. Maybe even a first step in clearing the air between them. Cassie understood the distance was because she spent most of her free time with Adam these days. How could that not make things weird, when not so long ago it used to be Diana who spent all her time with Adam? But in spite of all that, when Diana noticed Cassie coming her way now, she couldn’t have offered her a more heartfelt greeting. She dropped her clipboard onto the table and jogged across the square to meet Cassie halfway. â€Å"I’m so glad you’re here,† she said. â€Å"Your mother’s decorations look fantastic.† â€Å"Thanks,† Cassie said, and then hesitated. She hadn’t known she was going to do this, but in the moment it felt right. â€Å"Can we talk?† she asked. Without waiting for an answer, she took Diana’s hand tightly in her own and led her to the side of the square, where there was a long stone bench they could sit on without the risk of anyone overhearing their conversation. â€Å"There’s something I have to tell you,† Cassie said. Diana’s green eyes narrowed with concern, but she sat down, as instructed. Cassie sat across from her, anxiously rubbing her fingers along the bench’s stone surface. â€Å"I’ve been feeling so bad,† she said. â€Å"For all the awkwardness.† Diana smiled wide. â€Å"Kind of like right now?† â€Å"Yeah.† Cassie felt herself blush. â€Å"I guess I am being kind of awkward right now. It’s just that I know how close you and Adam were, and the sacrifice you made, and – † Diana cut Cassie off mid-sentence. â€Å"Cassie, I know. I really do. And it has been hard at times, but I think we’ve all grown used to it a lot faster than you have.† She put her hands on Cassie’s shoulders and gave her a little shake. â€Å"There are no hard feelings. Honestly. It’s you who’s making it hard, for yourself.† Cassie’s eyes filled with tears, and she realized Diana was right. She had been making things unnecessarily difficult. This was supposed to be a new beginning. Everywhere around her, people were embracing change while she clung on to old hurts and past fears. â€Å"Does this mean we can hang out more?† she asked. â€Å"I sure hope so!† Diana brought her in for a hug, and when Cassie closed her eyes, everything felt just right. A new beginning, she thought to herself again. Now she really would be able to enjoy the festival. Together she and Diana walked through the square, arm in arm, back to the raffle table. Cassie didn’t want their renewed closeness to end, but she had work to do. â€Å"I’d better go help my mom,† she said, and was about to walk away when a girl approached her. The girl had long waves of bright red hair and wore high black boots that caught on the hem of her slip dress. â€Å"Excuse me,† she said. â€Å"I’m looking for the bed-and-breakfast that’s supposed to be right around here.† She was about the same height and build as Cassie, and her eyes were a very dark brown, almost black. Diana pointed west. â€Å"It’s about a two-minute walk that way.† The girl gripped the handle of her overstuffed suitcase and stood gawking at them, as if she were hoping for more. â€Å"I’m Scarlett,† she said, offering her free hand to Diana. Diana introduced herself and Cassie, and then asked, â€Å"Are you visiting from out of town?† â€Å"Not visiting. I just moved here.† Scarlett bit at her fingernail, which was covered in chipped black nail polish. â€Å"I’m only staying at the B and B for now, if I ever find it.† Diana raised her eyebrows. â€Å"Moving to a new town with only one suitcase, that’s very impressive.† Scarlett laughed uncomfortably like she wasn’t sure if Diana was playfully teasing or rudely making fun of her. Cassie wasn’t entirely sure either. She knew Diana well enough to sense that she had her guard up around this stranger. â€Å"Will you be going to New Salem High?† Diana asked. Scarlett shook her head. â€Å"I graduated early. I’m working on the docks for the summer.† â€Å"I see,† Diana said, in a tone dripping with judgment. Diana got like this around Outsiders sometimes. Cassie knew she didn’t mean to be impolite; in fact, she probably wasn’t even aware of it. It was an unconscious self-righteousness that came from always knowing she was special. But Cassie knew what growing up average was like, and she’d once been the new girl in town. She sympathized with how awful and alienated Scarlett probably felt right now. â€Å"Well, thank you for the directions,† Scarlett said. â€Å"It was nice meeting you.† â€Å"Wait.† Cassie had the sudden urge to remedy Diana’s inhospitable welcome. â€Å"You should come to the festival tonight. It’s right here; you can’t miss it.† Scarlett giggled in a way that made her sound like a little girl, and Cassie couldn’t help but join in. There was something refreshing about her. â€Å"We just met, and already you’re taking a shot at my poor sense of direction?† Then her face warmed. â€Å"I’d love to come, thank you.† â€Å"Great,† Cassie said. â€Å"Then we’ll see you later.† Cassie watched Scarlett walk away, and Diana picked up her clipboard from the table. â€Å"That was neighborly of you,† she said. â€Å"What do you mean?† â€Å"You know.† Diana scrutinized her list of things to do, flipping through its many pages. â€Å"Considerate, gregarious.† â€Å"I know what neighborly means, but what do you mean?† Diana set the clipboard down and rolled her pen back and forth in her fingers while analyzing Cassie’s expression. â€Å"You saw something in her, didn’t you? What was it?† Cassie should have known there was never getting anything past Diana. It was true, she had seen something in Scarlett, but she wasn’t sure what. Cassie felt a tingle travel up her spine and down her arms, all the way to her fingers. It was an excitement she couldn’t place. â€Å"I’m really not sure. But I think it was something good.† â€Å"Well, that’s pleasant news for a change,† Diana said. â€Å"Tell me about it.† â€Å"Maybe it was her hair dye drawing you in.† â€Å"Be nice,† Cassie said. â€Å"I’m not being mean,† Diana said naughtily. â€Å"It made me want to drink a glass of wild cherry Kool-Aid. I love that stuff.† Then the two of them broke into loud, uninhibited laughter, the way they used to. How to cite The Secret Circle: The Divide Chapter 5, Essay examples

Depletion of Non Renewable Resources of Energy free essay sample

Eventually natural resources will become too costly to harvest and humanity will need to find other sources of energy. At present, the main energy source used by humans are non-renewable fossil fuels, as a result of continual use since the first  internal combustion engine  in the 17th century, the fuel is still in high demand with conventional  infrastructure  fitted with the combustion engine. Non-renewable resources of energy Coal Coal  is  a  fossil  fuel. That means it comes from the remains of ancient life buried deep in Earth’s crust. The coal we use today started out as plants that grew in swamps millions of years ago. When the plants died, they settled to the swamp bottom. Over time, layers of mud and rock formed. They compressed and hardened the plant material. Heat and pressure caused chemical changes. Gradually, the once-living matter became coal. Coal,  a  combustible  organic rock composed primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Coal is burned to produce energy and is used to manufacture steel. It is also an important source of chemicals used to make medicine, fertilizers, pesticides, and other products. Coal comes from ancient plants buried over millions of years in Earth’s crust, its outermost layer. Coal, petroleum, natural gas, and oil shale are all known as fossil fuels because they come from the remains of ancient life buried deep in the crust. Petroleum Petroleum,  or  crude  oil,  naturally occurring oily, bituminous liquid composed of various organic chemicals. It is found in large quantities below the surface of Earth and is used as a fuel and as a raw material in the chemical industry. Modern industrial societies use it primarily to achieve a degree of mobility—on land, at sea, and in the air—that was barely imaginable less than 100 years ago. In addition, petroleum and its derivatives are used in the manufacture of medicines and fertilizers, foodstuffs, plastics, building materials, paints, and cloth and to generate electricity. Crude oil is a mixture of substances called hydrocarbons. They’re called hydrocarbons because they are made up of the elements hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbons give off a lot of energy when they burn. That’s why they make good fuels. They also can be combined with other elements in many ways to make different products. Crude  oil  forms  under Earth’s surface. It forms from the remains of sea animals and plants. When these living things die, they sink to the sea bottom. Over millions of years, they form a thick layer. The layer can get buried under sand and rock. Pressure and high temperatures inside the planet change it into oil and natural gas. Natural gas Natural Gas is  flammable  gaseous  mixture consisting mostly of hydrocarbons. Along with coal and petroleum, natural gas is a fossil fuel. Natural gas may contain as much as 85 percent methane (CH4) and about 10 percent ethane (C2H6), and also contains smaller amounts of propane (C3H8), butane (C4H10), pentane (C5H12), and other alkanes. Natural gas, which is usually found together with petroleum deposits in Earth’s crust, is extracted and refined into fuels that provide approximately 25 percent of the world energy supply. Natural gas is created by two mechanisms: biogenic and thermogenic. Biogenic gas is created by  methanogenic  organisms in  marshes,  bogs,  landfills, and shallow sediments. Deeper in the earth, at greater temperature and pressure, thermogenic gas is created from buried organic material. Depletion of non renewable resources of energy Fossil Fuels form over millions of years when animals and plants die and decay. There are three forms of fossil fuels solid called coal, liquid called petroleum or oil, and gas called natural gas. Use of fossil fuels outnumbers the production and extraction of it which is used to power cars and factories. 90% of the U. S. s energy comes from oil. The solution is to use other sources of energy, but we already are too dependent on fossil fuel to back away from its usage. Fossil Fuels are the biggest cause of pollution in the world, producing soot and other harmful gases. It takes a million years to produce the amount of fossil fuels the people of earth use in a single year Energy can be drawn from the sun, water, and wind to produce a clean form of energy. Coal is a very clean source of energy. Energy also comes from biomass, electrical storage, and nuclear energy. Coal is a very good source of energy, but when it is burned it produces much more pollutants than any   other fossil fuel. Coal-Coal depletion  is the inescapable result of extracting and consuming  coal  since it is a nonrenewable natural resource. The number of years of coal left is estimated by the ratio of proven coal reserves to the current consumption rate. Assuming the current rate of consumption and that there are still an estimated 909 billion tones of proven  coal reserves worldwide, there is enough coal to last at least 155 years (assuming the rate of consumption remains the same) . Peak coal  is the point in time at which the maximum global coal production rate is reached, after which, according to the theory, the rate of production will enter to a terminal decline. Coal  is a  fossil fuel  formed from plant matter over the course of millions of years. It is a finite resource and thus considered to be a  non-renewable energy  source. Petroleum- Petroleum depletion  occurs in the second half of the  production curve  of an  oil well,  oil field, or the average of total world  oil  production. The  Hubbert peak theory  makes predictions of production rates based on prior discovery rates and anticipated production rates. Hubbert curves  predict that the production curves of non-renewing resources approximate a  bell curve. Thus, when the  peak of production  is passed, production rates enter an  exponential decline. The worlds oil supply is fixed because petroleum is  naturally formed  far too slowly to be replaced at the rate at which it is being extracted. Over many millions of years,  plankton,  bacteria, and other plant and animal matter become buried in sediments on the ocean floor. When conditions are right – a lack of oxygen for decomposition, and sufficient depth and temperature of burial – these organic remains are converted into petroleum compounds, while the sediment accompanying them is converted into sandstone, siltstone, and other porous sedimentary rock. When capped by mpermeable rocks such as shale, salt, or igneous intrusions, they form the petroleum reservoirs which are exploited today. Natural gas-Natural Gas depletion  is the inescapable result of extracting and consuming  natural gas  since it is a nonrenewable natural resource. The number of years of natural gas left is estimated by the ratio of proven natural gas reserves to the current consumpt ion rate. According to the Energy Information Agency,  the world in 2005 had about 60 years of natural gas left. However, the relevance of worldwide figures is questioned since unlike oil relatively little gas is shipped across the oceans. If one compares proven North American reserves versus North American consumption, one gets only 11 years. Conservation Energy conservation  refers to efforts made to reduce energy consumption. Energy conservation can be achieved through increased  efficient energy use, in conjunction with decreased  energy consumption  and/or reduced consumption from conventional energy sources. An energy conservation act was passed on 2001. Energy conservation can result in increased  financial capital,  environmental  quality,  national security,  personal security, and  human comfort. Individuals and organizations that are direct  consumers  of energy choose to conserve energy to reduce energy costs and promote  economic security. Industrial and commercial users can increase energy use efficiency to maximize  profit. Conclusion Non renewable sources of energy are getting depleted day by day. We must do something to conserve the non renewable sources. Natural resources such as coal, petroleum and natural gas  take thousands of years to form naturally and cannot be replaced as fast as they are being consumed. We must use other sources such as wind, water, sun etc. These resources must be conserved.